Researchers´ Profiles - Barbara Howard

Dr. Barbara Howard is President of MedStar Research Institute, Hyattsville, Maryland, USA.

She received her PhD in microbiology from the University of Pennsylvania and currently holds faculty appointments in the Department of Medicine at Georgetown University and the Department of Biochemistry at Howard University. Formerly she was the Associate Chief of the Phoenix Clinical Diabetes and Nutrition, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health. She is the Chair of the Nutrition Committee of the American Heart Association and past chair of the Nutrition Study Section of the National Institutes of Health. She served as a member of the NIH Expert Panel on Obesity that developed guidelines for the treatment and prevention of obesity and she also serves on the editorial boards for several scientific journals, including Atherosclerosis and Diabetes/Metabolism Research and Reviews.

She has received the Bolton Corson Medal from the Franklin Institute for research in nutrition and atherosclerosis and the Special Recognition Award from the Arteriosclerosis Council of the American Heart Association. She as Bierman lecturer of the American Diabetes Association and received the Kelly West Award from the American Diabetes Association.

Her major research interests are in cardiovascular disease, particularly in relation to diabetes and its occurrence in diverse ethnic groups. Her current research projects include the Strong Heart Study, a multi-center study of cardiovascular disease and its risk factors in American Indians; the Women’s Health Initiative, a multi-center study of postmenopausal women and their health; GOCADAN, a study of the genetics of coronary heart disease in Alaskan Eskimos; and the SANDS study, a multi-center study to examine strategies for reducing atherosclerosis in people with diabetes.

Recent Publications:

• Devereux RB, Roman MJ, Paranicas M, O’Grady MJ, Lee ET, Welty TK, Fabsitz RR, Robbins D, Rhoades ER, Howard BV. Impact of Diabetes on Cardiac Structure and Function: The Strong Heart Study. Circulation. 101: 2271-2276, 2000.
   
• Devereux RB, Roman MJ, O’Grady MJ, Fabsitz RR, Rhoades ER, Crawford A, Howard BV, Lee ET, Welty TK. For the Strong Heart Study Investigators. Differences in echocardiographic findings and systemic hemodynamics among non-diabetic American Indians in different regions: for The Strong Heart Study Investigators. Ann Epidemiol 10: 324-332, 2000.
   
• Devereux RB, Roman MJ, Liu JE, Welty TK, Lee ET, Rodeheffer R, Fabsitz RR, Howard BV. Congestive heart failure despite normal left ventricular systolic function in a population-based sample: The Strong Heart Study. Am J Cardiol 86:1090-1096 2000.
   
• Gray RS, Fabsitz RR, Cowan LD, Lee ET, Welty TK, Jablonski KA, Howard BV. Relation of generalized and central obesity to cardiovascular risk factors and prevalent coronary heart disease in American Indians: The Strong Heart Study. Inter J Obesity. 24: 849-860, 2000.
   
• Hayslett JA, Eichner JE, Yeh JL, Wang W, Henderson J, Devereux RB, Welty TK, Fabsitz RR, Howard BV, Lee ET. Treatment patterns in hypertensive American Indians: The Strong Heart Study. Am J Hypert 2000.
   
• Howard BV, Robbins DC, Sievers ML, Lee ET, Rhoades D, Devereaux RB, Cowan LD, Gray RS, Welty TK, Go OT, Howard WJ. LDL cholesterol as a strong predictor of coronary heart disease in diabetic individuals with insulin resistance and low LDL: The Strong Heart Study. Arterioscler Thromb Vas Biol 20: 830-835, 2000.
   
• Hu D, Hannah J, Gray RS, Jablonski KA, Henderson JA, Robbins DC, Lee ET, Welty TK, Howard BV. Effects of obesity and body fat distribution on lipids and lipoproteins in nondiabetic American Indians: The Strong Heart Study. Obesity Res 8: 411-421, 2000.
   
• Lebowitz NE, Bella JN, Roman MJ, Liu JE, Fishman DP, Paranicas M, Lee ET, Fabsitz RR, Welty TK, Howard BV, Devereux RB. Prevalence and correlates of aortic regurgitation in American Indians: The Strong Heart Study. J Am Coll Cardiol 36: 461-467, 2000.
   
• Lee ET, Howard BV, Go O, Savage PJ, Fabsitz RR, Robbins DC, Welty TK. Prevalence of undiagnosed diabetes in three American Indian populations: A comparison of the 1997
   
•  American Diabetes Association diagnostic criteria and the 1985 World Health Organization diagnostic criteria. The Strong Heart Study. Diabetes Care. 23: 181-186, 2000.
   
• Lui JE, Palmieri V, Roman MJ, Bella JM, Fabsitz R, Howard BV, Welty TK, Lee ET, Devereux RB. The impact of diabetes and glycemia on left ventricular diastolic filling: The Strong Heart Study. J Am Coll Cardiol, 2000.
   
• North KE, MacCluer JW, Cowan LD, Howard BV. Gravidity and parity in postmenopausal American Indian women: The Strong Heart Study. Hum Biol 72: 397-414, 2000.
   
• Okin PM, Devereux RB, Howard BV, Fabsitz RR, Lee ET, Welty TK. Assessment of QT interval and QT dispersion for prediction o f all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in American Indians: The Strong Heart Study. Circulation. 101: 61-66, 2000.
   
• Stoddart M, Jarvis B, Blake B, Fabsitz RR, Welty TK, Lee ET, Howard BV. Recruitment of American Indians in epidemiologic research. The Strong Heart Study. J Natl Cen Am Indian Alaska Native Ment Health Res. 9: 20-27, 2000.
   
• Bella J, Devereux RB, Roman MJ, Palmieri V, Liu JE, Paranicas M, Welty TK, Lee ET, Fabsitz RR, Howard, BV for the Strong Heart Study Investigators. Separate and joint effects of systemic hypertension and diabetes mellitus on left ventricular structure and function in American Indians (The Strong Heart Study). Am J Cardiol 87: 1260-1265, 2001.
   
• Collis T, Devereux RB, Roman MJ, De Simone G, Yeh JL, Howard BV, Fabsitz RR, Welty TK. Relations of stroke volume and cardiac output to body composition. The Strong Heart Study. Circulation 103: 820-825, 2001.
   
• Devereux RB, Roman MJ, Liu JE, Welt TK, Lee ET, Rodeheffer R, Fabsitz RR, Howard BV. A population-based assessment of left ventricular systolic dysfunction in middle-aged and older adults. The Strong Heart Study. Am Heart J 14: 439-446, 2001.
   
• Devereux RB, Jones EC, Roman MJ, Howard BV, Fabsitz RR, Liu JE, Palmieri V, Welty TK, Lee ET. Prevalence and correlates of mitral valve prolapse in a population-based sample of American Indians: The Strong Heart Study. Am J Med 111: 679-685, 2001.
   
• Jones EC, Devereux RB, Roman MJ, Liu JE, Fishman D, Lee ET, Welty TK, Fabsitz RR, Howard BV. Prevalence and Correlates of Mitral Regurgitation in the General Population: The Strong Heart Study. Am J Cardiol 87:298-304, 2001.
   
• Hayslett, J.A., Eichner, J.E., Yeh, J.L., Wang, W., Henderson, J., Devereux, R. B., Welty, T.K., Fabsitz, R.R., Howard, BV, Lee, E.T. Hypertension Treatment Patterns in American Indians: the Strong Heart Study. Am J Hypertens 14: 950-956, 2001 .
   
• Hu D, Hannah J, Gray RS, Jablonski KA, Henderson JA, Robbins DC, Lee ET, Welty TK, Howard BV. Effects of obesity and body fat distribution on lipids and lipoproteins in non-diabetic American Indians: The Strong Heart Study. Obesity Res 8:411-421, 2001.
   
• Ilercil A, Devereux R, Roman MJ, Paranicas M, O’Grady MJ, Welty TK, Robbins DC, Fabsitz RR, Howard BV, Lee ET. Relationships of impaired glucose tolerance to left ventricular structure and function: The Strong Heart Study. Am Heart J 141: 992-998, 2001.
   
• Ilercil A, O’Grady MJ, Roman MJ, Paranicas M, Lee ET, Welty TK, Fabsitz R, Howard BV, Devereux RB. Reference values for echocardiographic measurements in urban and rural populations of differing ethnicity: The Strong Heart Study. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 14: 601-611, 2001.
   
• Kris-Etherton P, Daniels SR, Eckel RH, Engler M, Howard BV, Krauss RM, Lichtenstein AH, Sacks F, St. Jeor S, Stampfer M. Summary of the scientific conference on dietary fatty acids and cardiovascular health. Conference summary from the Nutrition Committee of the American Heart Association. Circulation, 103: 1034-1039, 2001.
   
• Kris-Etherton P. Daniels SR, Eckel RH, Engler M, Howard BV, Krauss RM, Lichtenstein AH, Sacks F, St Jeor S, Stampfer M, Grundy SM, Apple LJ, Byers T, Campos H, Cooney G, Denke MA, Kennedy E, Marckmann P, Pearson TA, Riccardi G, Rudell LL, Rudrum M, Stein DT, Tracy RP, Ursin V, Vogel RA, Zock PL, Bazzarre TL, Clark J. AHA Scientific Statement: Summary of the Scientific Conference on Dietary Fatty Acids and Cardiovascular Health. Conference summary from the Nutritrion Committee of the American Heart Association. J Nutr 131: 1322-1326, 2001.
   
• Kris-Etherton P, Eckel RH, Howard BV, St. Jeor S, Bazzarre TL. For the Nutrition Committee, Population Science Committee, and Clinical Science Committee of the American Heart Association. Lyon Diet Study. Benefits of a Mediterranean-style, national cholesterol education program/American Heart Association Step 1 dietary pattern on cardiovascular disease. Circulation 103: 1823-1825, 2001.
   
• Liu JE, Palmieri V, Roman MJ, Bella JN, Fabsitz R, Howard, BV, Welty TK, Lee ET, Devereux RB. The Impact of Diabetes on Left Ventricular Filling Pattern in Normotensive and Hypertensive Adults: The Strong Heart Study. J Am Coll Cardiol 37:1943-1949, 2001.
   
• Okin PM, Devereux RB, Kors JA, van Herpen G, Crow RS, Fabsitz RR, Howard BV. Computerized ST depression analysis improves prediction of all-cause and cardiovascular mortality: The Strong Heart Study. Ann Noninvasive Electrocardio 6: 107-116, 2001.
   
• Palmieri V, Celentano A, Roman MJ, de Simone G, Best L, Lewis MR, Lee ET, Robbins DC, Fabsitz RR, Howard BV, Devereux RB. Fibrinogen and Preclinical Echocardiographic Target Organ Damage: The Strong Heart Study. Hypertension 38: 1068-1074, 2001.
   
• Schmitz KH, Schreiner PJ, Jacobs DR Jr, Leon AS, Liu K, Howard BV, Sternfeld B. Independent and interactive effects of apolipoprotein E phenotype and cardiorespiratory fitness on plasma lipids. Ann Epidemiol 11(2): 94-103 2001.
   
• St. Jeor, ST, Howard BV, Prewitt ET, Bovee V, Bazzarre T, Eckel RH. Dietary Protein and Weight Reduction. Circulation 104: 1869-1874, 2001.
   
• Welty, TK, Rhoades DA, Yeh F, Lee ET, Cowan LD, Fabsitz R, Robbins DC, Devereux RB, Henderson JA and Howard, BV. Changes in Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors Among American Indians: The Strong Heart Study. Ann J Epidemiol 12: 97-106, 2001.
   
• Bella, JN, Palmieri V, Roman MJ, Liu JE, Welty TK, Lee ET, Fabsitz RR, Howard BV, Devereux RB. Mitral Ratio of Peak Early to Late Diastolic Filling Velocity as a Predictor of Mortality in Middle-Aged and Elderly Adults: The Strong Heart Study. Circulation 105: 1928-1933, 2002.
• Bella JN, MacCluer JW, Roman MJ, Almasy L, North KE, Welty TK, Lee ET, Fabsitz RR, Howard BV, Devereux RB. Genetic Influences on Aortic Root Size in American Indians: The Strong Heart Study. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 22; 2002.
   
• Hsia J, Alderman EL, Verter JI, Rodgers WJ, Thompson P, Howard BV, Cobb FR, Ouyang P, Trdiff JC, Higginson L, Bittner V, Barofsky I, Steffes M, Gordon DJ, Proschan M, Younes N, Waters D. Women’s angiographic vitamin and estrogen trial: design and methods. Controlled Clinical Trials 23; 708-727, 2002
   
• Hsia J, Rodabough R, Rosal MC, Cochrane B, Howard BV, Snetselaar L, Frishman WH, Stefanick ML. Compliance with national cholesterol education program dietary and lifestyle guidelines among older women with self-reported hypercholesterolemia: The women’s health initiative. Ann J Med 113: 384-392, 2002.
   
• Hu D, Jablonski KA, Sparling YH, Robbins DC, Lee ET, Welty TK, Howard BV. Accuracy of lipoprotein lipids and apoproteins in predicting coronary heart disease in diabetic American Indians: The Strong Heart Study. Ann Epidemiol 12: 79-85, 2002 .
   
• Lee ET, Welty TK, Cowan LD, Wang W, Rhoades DA, Devereux R, Go O, Fabsitz R, Howard BV. Incidence of diabetes in American Indians of three geographic areas: The Strong Heart Study. Diabetes Care. 25: 49-54, 2002
   
• Levy AP, Hochberg I, Jablonksi KA, Resnick HE, Lee ET, Best L, Howard BV. Haptoglobin phenotype is an Independent Risk Factor for Cardiovascular Disease in Individuals with Diabetes. The Strong Heart Study. J Am Coll Cardiol 11: 1984-1990, 2002.
   
• Li G, Hu Y, Yang W, Jiang Y, Wang J, Xiao J, Hu Z, Pan S, Howard BV, Bennett PH. Effects of Insulin Resistance and Insulin Secretion on the Efficacy of Interventions to Retard Development of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: The DA Qing IGT and Diabetes Study. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 3:193-200, 2002.
   
• North KE, MacCleur JW, Devereux RB, Howard BV, Welty TK, Best LG, Lee ET, Fasbitz RR, Roman MJ. Heritability of Carotid Artery Structure and Function: The Strong Heart Study. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 10:1698-1703, 2002.
   
• Okin PM. Devereux RB, Fabsitz RR, Lee ET, Galloway JM, Howard BV. Principal component analysis of the T-Wave and prediction of cardiovascular mortality in American Indians: The Strong Heart Study. Circulation 105: 714-719, 2002.
   
• Okin PM, Devereux RB, Fasbitz RR, Lee ET, Galloway JM, Howard BV. Quantitative Assessment of Electrocardiographic Strain Predicts Increased Left Ventricular Mass: The Strong Heart Study. J Am Coll Cardiol 8:1395-1400, 2002.
   
• Resnick HE, Bergman RN, Henderson JA, Nez-Henderson P, Howard BV. Utility of a surrogate measure of insulin resistance in American Indians. Ethnicity Disease 12: 523-529, 2002.
   
• Sosenko JM, Hu D, Welty T, Howard BV, Lee E, Robbins DC. Albuminuria in recent-onset type 2 diabetes: The Strong Heart Study. Diabetes Care 51: 1078-1084, 2002.
   
• Wang W, Hu D, Lee ET, Fabsitz RR, Welty TK, Robbins DC, Yeh JL, Howard BV. Lipoprotein (a) in American Indians is Low and Not independently Associated with Cardiovascular Disease: The Strong Heart Study. Ann Epidemiol 12: 107-114, 2002.
   
• Wang W, Lee L, Fabsitz R, Welty T, Howard BV. Using HbA1c to improve efficacy of the American Diabetes Association fasting plasma glucose criterion in screening of new type 2 diabetes in American Indians: The Strong Heart Study. Diabetes Care 25: 1365-1370, 2002
   
• Waters DD, Alderman EL, Hsia J, Howard BV, Cobb FR, Rogers WJ, Ouyang P, Thompson P, Tardif JC, Higginson L, Bittner V, Steffes M, Gordon DJ, Proschan M, Younes N, Verter JI. Effects of Hormone Therapy and Antioxidant Vitamin Supplements on Coronary Atherosclerosis in Postmenopausal Women: A Randomized Controlled Trial. JAMA. 19:2432-2440, 2002.
   
• Zhang Y, Howard BV, Welty TK, Schaefer CF, Cowan LD, Wang W, Yeh J, Lee ET. The Effect of Estrogen Use on Levels of Glucose and Insulin and the Risk of Type 2 Diabetes in American Indian Postmenopausal Women: The Strong Heart Study. Diabetes Care 25: 500-504, 2002
   
• De Simone G, Devereux RB, Palmieri V, Roman MJ, Celentano A, Welty TK, Fabsitz RR, Contaldo F, Howard BV. Relation of insulin resistance to makers of preclinical cardiovascular disease: the Strong Heart Study. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 13:140-147, 2003.
   
• Devereux RB, Roman MJ, Liu JE, Lee ET, Wang W, Fabsitz RR, Welty TK, Howard BV. An appraisal of echocardiography as an epidemiological tool: The Strong Heart Study. Ann Epidemiol 13:238-244, 2003.
   
• Howard BV, Criqui MH, Curb JD, Rodabough R, Safford MM, Santoro N, Wilson AC, Wylie-Rosett J. Risk Factor Clustering in the Insulin Resistance Syndrome and its Relationship to Cardiovascular Disease in Postmenopausal White, Black, Hispanic, and Asian/Pacific Islander Women. Metabolism 52:362-371, 2003.
   
• Howard BV, Wylie-Rosett J. Sugar and Cardiovascular Disease. A Statement for Healthcare Professionals From the Committee on Nutrition of the Council on Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Metabolism of the American Heart Association. Circulation 106:523-527, 2003
   
• Hsia J, Bittner V, Tripputi M, Howard BV. Metabolic syndrome and coronary angiographic disease progression: The women’s angiographic vitamin & estrogen trial. Am Heart J 146:439-45, 2003.
   
• Khurana C, Rosenbaum CG, Howard BV, Adams-Campbell LL, Detrano RC, Klouj A, Hsia J. Coronary Artery Calcification in Black Women and White Women. Am Heart J 145: 724-9, 2003
   
• Lu W, Jablonski KA, Gottlieb AM, Robbins DC, Welty TK, Lee ET, Fabsitz RR, Howard BV. Alcohol intake and Glycemia in American Indians: The Strong Heart Study. Metabolism 52:129-135, 2003.
   
• Lu W, Resnick HE, Jain AK, Adams-Campbell LL, Jablonski KA, Gottlieb AM, Robbins DC, Howard, BV. Effects of Isolated Post-Challenge Hyperglycemia on Mortality in American Indians. The Strong Heart Study. Ann Epidemiol 13:182-188, 2003.
   
• Lu W, Resnick HE, Jablonski KA, Jones KL, Jain AK, Howard WJ, Robbins DC, Howard BV. Non-HDL Cholesterol as a Predictor of Cardiovascular Disease in Type 2 Diabetes: The Strong Heart Study. Diabetes Care 26: 16-23, 2003.
   
• North KE, Howard BV, Welty TK, Best LG, Lee ET, Yeh JL, Fasbitz, Roman MJ, MacCleur JW. Genetic and Environmental Contributions to Cardiovascular Disease Risk in American Indians. Am J Epidemiol 15: 129-135, 2003.
   
• North KE, MacCluer JW, Williams JT, Welty TK, Best LG, Lee ET, Fabsitz RR, Howard BV. Evidence for Distinct Genetic Effects on Obesity and Lipid-related CVD Risk Factors in Diabetic Compared to Nondiabetic American Indians: The Strong Heart Family Study. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 19: 140-147, 2003.
   
• North KE, Williams JT, Welty TK, Best LG, Lee ET, Fabsitz RR, Howard BV, MacCluer JW. Evidence for joint action of gen3es on diabetes status and CVD risk factors in American Indians: the Strong Heart Family Study. Int J Obesity 27: 491-497, 2003.
   
• North KE, Williams K, Williams JT, Best LG, Lee R, Fabsitz R, Howard BV, Gray RS, MacCluer J. Evidence for genetic factors underlying insulin resistance syndrome in American Indians. Obesity Res 11(12)Dec. 2003.
   
• Palmieri V, Tracy RP, Roman MJ, Aliu JE, Best LG, Bella JN, Robbins DC, Howard BV, Devereux RB. Relation of left ventricular hypertrophy to inflammation and albuminuria in adults with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 26:2764-2769, 2003.
   
• Palmieri V, Tracy R, Roman MJ, Liu JE, Best LG, Bella J, Robbins DC, Howard BV, Devereux RB. Relation of left ventricular hypertrophy to inflammation and albuminuria in adults with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 26:2764-2769, 2003.
   
• Resnick HE, Jones K, Ruotolo G, Jain AK, Henderson J, Lu W, Howard BV. Insulin Resistance, the Metabolic Syndrome, and Risk of Incident Cardiovascular Disease in Nondiabetic American Indians: the Strong Heart Study. Diabetes Care 26:861-867, 2003
   
• Resnick HE, Redline S, Shahar E, Gilpin A, Newman A, Walter R, Ewy GA, Howard BV, Punjabi NM. Diabetes and Sleep Disturbances: Findings from the Sleep Heart Study. Diabetes Care 26:702-709, 2003.
   
• Ritenbaugh C, Patterson Re, Chlebowski RT, Caan B, Fels-Tinker L, Howard BV, Ockene J. The women’s health imitative dietary modification trial: overview and baseline characteristics of participants. Ann Epidemiol 13(9S):S87-S97, 2003.
   
• Agno FS, Chinali M, Best LG, Bella JN, Howard BV, Lee ET, Devereux RB: Valvular regurgitation predicts cardiovascular mortality and morbidity among American Indians: The Strong Heart Study. J Am Coll Cardiol 2004;43:429A.
   
• Bella J, MacCluer J, Roman M, Almasy L, North K, Best L, Lee E, Fabsitz, Howard BV, Devereux R. Heritablility of left ventricular dimensions and mass in American Indians: SHS. J Hypertens 22:281-286, 2004.
   
• Chinali M, de Simone G, Welty TK, Lee ET, Best LG, Howard BV, Devereux RB: Alcohol consumption and cardiac structure and function in American Indians: The Strong Heart Study. J Am Coll Cardiol 2004;43:228A.
   
• Devereux RB, Chinali M, Liu JE, Roman MJ, Best LG, Galloway J, Lee ET, Howard BV: Does use of harmonic imaging increase the yield of echocardiographic left ventricular mass measurements on a population basis? The Strong Heart Study. J Am Coll Cardiol 2004;43:342A.
   
• Howard BV, Adams-Campbell L, Allen C, Black H, Passaro M, Rodabough RJ, Rodriguez BL, Safford M, Stevens VJ, Wagenknecht LE. Insulin Resistance and Weight Gain in Postmenopausal Women of Diverse Ethnic Groups. Int J Obesity 28:1039-1047, 2004.
   
• Howard BV, Hsia J, Ouyang P, Van Voorhees L, Lindsay J, Silverman A, Alderman EL, Tripputi M, Waters DD. Postmenopausal Hormone Therapy Is Associated with Atherosclerosis Progression in Women With Abnormal Glucose Tolerance. Circulation 110:201-206, 2004.
   
• Howard, BV. The Women’s Health Initiative: a potential resource for future studies of autoimmune diseases. Autoimmunity 37(4)265-268, 2004
   
• Lawrence-Wright M, Devereux RB, Roman MJ, Chinali M, Best LG, Galloway JM, Fabsitz RR, Lee ET, Zhang , Howard BV: Association of prehypertension by JNC-VII criteria with left ventricular structure and function: The Strong Heart Study. J Am Coll Cardiol 2004;43:513A.
   
• Levy A, Friedenberg P, Lotan R, Ouyang P, Tripputi M, Higginson L, Cobb F, Tardif J, Bittner V, Howard BV. The Effect of Vitamin Therapy on the Progression of Coronary Artery Atherosclerosis Varies by Haptoglobin Type in Postmenopausal Women. Diabetes Care 27:925-930, 2004.
   
• Lu WQ, Resnick E, Jablonski K, Jain A, Jones L, Robbins D, Howard B. Effects of glycaemic control on cardiovascular disease in diabetic American Indians: the Strong Heart Study. Diabetic Medicine 21:311-317, 2004.
   
• Margolis KL, Bonds DE, Radabough RJ, Tinker L, Phillips LS, Allen C, Bassford T, Burke G, Torrens J, Howard BV. For the Women’s Health Initiative Investigators. Diabetologia 47:1175-1187, 2004.
   
• Resnick HE, Carter EA, Sosenko JM, Henly SJ, Fabsitz RR, Ness FK, Welty TK, Lee ET, Howard BV. Incidence of Lower-Extremity Amputation in American Indians, The Strong Heart Study. Diabetes Care 27:1885-1891, 2004.
   
• Resnick HE, Lindsay RS, McDermott MM, Devereux RB, Jones KL, Fabsitz R, Howard BV. Relationship of high and low ankle brachial index to all-cause and cardiovascular disease mortality, The Strong Heart Study. Circulation 109:733-739, 2004.
   
• Women’s Health Initiative Steering Committee. Effects of conjugated equine estrogen in postmenopausal women with hysterectomy. The women’s health initiative randomized controlled trial. JAMA 291:14, 2004.
   
• Zhang Y, Howard B, Cowan L, Welty T, Schaefer C, Wild R, Yeh J, Lee E. Associations of postmenopausal hormone therapy with markers of hemostasis and inflammation and lipid profiles in diabetic and nondiabetic American Indian women: the Strong Heart Study. J Women’s Health 13(2): 155-163, 2004
   
• Hsia J, Wu L, Allen C, Oberman A, Lawson W, Torrens J, Safford M, Limacher M, Howard B. Physical Activety and Diadetes Risk in Postmenopausal Women. Am J Prev Med 28(1):19-25, 2005
  

e-mail: Barbara.v.howard@medstar.net